CNC lathes, being crucial equipment in modern manufacturing, have a direct impact on both processing efficiency and product quality through the selection and application of their tools. By carefully categorizing these tools, we gain a deeper understanding of the characteristics and suitable applications of various tool types. Furthermore, exploring the various cutting applications of these tools enables us to fully utilize their capabilities, resulting in efficient and precise machining. Therefore, the objective of this title is to provide a comprehensive and insightful guide to readers, assisting them in better understanding and utilizing CNC lathe tools.
What is a CNC lathe?
A lathe is a machine tool that primarily uses turning tools to perform machining on rotating workpieces. Lathe is the most important type of metal cutting machine tool, with the largest number of lathes in general machine manufacturing factories, also known as work mother machines.
On the lathe, corresponding machining can also be carried out using drill bits, reamers, taps, dies, and knurling tools. The function of a lathe is to cut various sizes, shapes, and shapes of rotating surfaces, as well as spiral surfaces.
What is a turning tool?
Turning tools are the most widely used single edged cutting tools. It is also the foundation for learning and analyzing various types of cutting tools. Turning tools are used on various lathes to process outer circles, inner holes, end faces, threads, grooves, etc.
1.Classification of milling cutters
According to structure, it can be divided into:
Solid turning tool: Made of a whole piece of high-speed steel into a long shape, it is called a solid turning tool, commonly known as “white steel tool”. Solid turning tool is relative to “indexable tool”.
Generally speaking, solid tools cannot be equipped with blades like “indexable tools”. After their service life is over, they must be ground or thrown away as a whole.
Welding turning tools: Welding turning tools connect the blade part and the tool body part by welding. By melting dehydrated borax, copper flakes, ferromanganese, glass powder and other solders at high temperatures, the blades made of alloys, high-speed steel, cubic boron nitride, diamond, ceramics and other materials are bonded to the tool arbor with the same groove shape to achieve Usage requirements for machining operations.
Machine-clamp turning tool: Machine-clamp turning tool refers to a turning tool that uses mechanical methods to position and clamp the blade. After the blade is sharpened in vitro and installed and tilted, the tool angle is comprehensively formed.
Indexable turning tool: Indexable turning tool is formed by mechanically clamping an indexable carbide insert on the tool holder. The insert has geometric parameters for cutting (no grinding required) and more than three cutting edges for indexing. When one cutting edge is worn, loosen the clamping mechanism, transfer the blade to another cutting edge and then clamp it, then cutting can be carried out. When all cutting edges are worn, they can be removed and replaced with a new blade of the same type.
Forming turning tool: The forming turning tool is a special tool for processing the forming surface of the rotary body. Its cutting edge shape is designed according to the contour of the workpiece.
Among them, indexable turning tools are increasingly widely used, and their proportion in turning tools is gradually increasing.
According to use, it can be divided into:
External turning tools: divided according to the main deflection angle: 95 degrees (used for semi-finishing and finishing of the outer circle and end face), 45 degrees (used for the outer circle and end face, mainly used for rough turning), 75 degrees (mainly used for cylindrical rough turning), 93 degrees (mainly used for profiling finishing), 90 degrees (used for cylindrical rough turning).
Grooving tools: External grooving tools are mainly used for external grooving and cutting, and internal grooving tools are mainly used for internal groove processing.
Thread turning tools: Thread turning tools mainly include external thread turning tools and internal thread turning tools. External thread turning tools are mainly used for external thread processing, and internal thread turning tools are mainly used for internal thread processing.
2.What is the angle for turning tools?
When cutting metal, the tool cuts into the workpiece, and the tool angle is an important parameter used to determine the geometry of the cutting part of the tool.
Composition of the cutting part of the turning tool
Three sides, two edges and one tip
The cutting part of the turning tool consists of the rake surface, the main flank surface, the auxiliary flank surface, the main cutting edge, the auxiliary cutting edge and the tool tip.
1) Rake face: refers to the surface on the tool where chips can flow smoothly. It plays an important role in guiding chip discharge.
2) Main flank surface: This is the area on the tool that corresponds to the surface being processed on the workpiece and has direct interaction. It is called the main flank surface. It is the main supporting surface of the tool and plays a key role in the cutting process.
3) Secondary flank: This is the area on the tool that corresponds to the finished machined surface on the workpiece. It also interacts directly, so it is called the secondary flank. It plays a role in assisting in supporting and stabilizing the tool during the cutting process.
4) Main cutting edge: It is the edge line formed by the intersection of the tool rake surface and the main flank surface. It is responsible for the main cutting work and is the key to the cutting efficiency of the tool.
5) Secondary cutting edge: refers to the edge line formed by the intersection of the tool rake surface and the secondary flank surface. It assists the main cutting edge to complete the cutting work and ensures the smooth and efficient cutting process.
6)Tool tip: The intersection point between the main cutting edge and the auxiliary cutting edge is the tool tip. In fact, the tool tip is not a single point, but a small curve or straight line. The rounded or chamfered tool tip not only enhances the durability of the tool, but also optimizes the cutting effect.
3.Auxiliary plane for measuring the cutting angle of turning tools
In order to determine and measure the geometric angle of the turning tool, three auxiliary planes need to be selected as the datum. These three auxiliary planes are the cutting plane, the base plane and the orthogonal plane.
1)Cutting plane – a plane that cuts at a selected point on the main cutting edge and is perpendicular to the bottom plane of the tool holder.
2)Base surface – refers to the plane that passes through a specific point on the main cutting edge and remains parallel to the bottom surface of the tool holder. This plane serves as a reference plane during the cutting process, helping to determine the geometric parameters and cutting angle of the tool. It is an important datum plane in tool design and use.
3)Orthogonal Plane – This is a special plane that is perpendicular to both the cutting plane and the base plane. The introduction of orthogonal planes helps to more accurately describe and analyze the geometric relationships and stress conditions of the tool during the cutting process. It is an important reference plane in cutting mechanics and tool design.
It can be seen that these three coordinate planes are perpendicular to each other and form a space rectangular coordinate system.
3. The main geometric angles of turning tools and their selection principles
1) Selection principle of rake angle (γ0)
The size of the rake angle is directly related to the balance between the sturdiness and sharpness of the tool. Therefore, when choosing a rake angle, multiple factors need to be considered. First, the hardness of the processed material is a key factor. When the hardness of the material being processed is high, the rake angle should be selected as a smaller value to ensure the durability of the tool; conversely, if the material hardness is low, the rake angle can be appropriately increased to improve cutting efficiency. Secondly, the processing properties are also an important factor in determining the rake angle size. During rough machining, in order to increase the strength and durability of the tool, the rake angle should be a smaller value; while during finishing, in order to improve surface quality and cutting efficiency, the rake angle should be a larger value. Generally speaking, the rake angle is selected between -5° and 25°. The specific value needs to be optimized according to the actual processing conditions.
Usually, when making turning tools, the rake angle (γ0) is not pre-made, but the rake angle is obtained by sharpening the chip groove on the turning tool. The chip flute is also called a chip breaker. Its function is to break off chips without causing entanglement; control the flow direction of chips to maintain the accuracy of the machined surface; reduce cutting resistance and extend tool life.
2) Selection principle of relief angle (α0)
The selection of relief angle requires comprehensive consideration of the processing properties and material hardness. During finishing, in order to reduce friction, the clearance angle is set to a large value; during rough machining, in order to enhance tool strength, the clearance angle is set to a small value. When the hardness of the material is high, the relief angle should be small to enhance the sturdiness of the cutter head; when the hardness is low, the relief angle can be appropriately increased. The relief angle cannot be zero degrees or negative values, and is usually selected between 6° and 12°. By optimizing relief angle selection, cutting efficiency and processing quality can be improved.
3) Principles for selecting the main deflection angle (Kr)
When selecting the entering angle, the rigidity of the process system, including lathes, fixtures and tools, should first be considered. If the system rigidity is good, the main deflection angle should be smaller, which will help extend the service life of the tool, improve heat dissipation conditions and optimize surface roughness. Secondly, the geometry of the workpiece needs to be considered. For example, when processing steps, the main declination angle should be 90°; when processing workpieces cut in the middle, the main declination angle should generally be 60°. Usually, the main declination angle is selected in the range of 30° to 90°, among which 45°, 75°, and 90° are the more commonly used angles. By rationally selecting the main deflection angle, the stability of the cutting process and the efficiency of the processing quality can be ensured.
4) Selection principle of secondary declination angle (Kr’)
When selecting the secondary deflection angle, the system rigidity and processing properties need to be considered. When the system rigidity is good, the secondary deflection angle can be smaller; otherwise, it should take a larger value. During finishing, in order to optimize surface quality, the secondary deflection angle can be 10° to 15°; during rough machining, in order to balance cutting force and durability, the secondary deflection angle can be around 5°. Reasonably select the secondary deflection angle to ensure stable cutting and improve processing efficiency.
5) Selection principle of edge inclination angle (λS)
During rough machining, the impact of the workpiece is large, and the edge inclination angle λS should be ≤0°; during finishing, the impact force is small, and λS should be ≥0°. Usually λS is 0°, and the range is selected between -10° and 5°. Reasonable selection of edge inclination angle ensures stable and efficient cutting.
Requirements for tool holder installation at work station
Tool tip height matching: The turning tool tip must be at the same height as the workpiece rotation center to ensure a stable cutting process. When installing, first adjust the blade tip to the same height as the tailstock tip, and then make fine adjustments by trial cutting the end face.
Tool holder extension length: The length of the turning tool that extends out of the tool holder needs to be moderate, usually 1 to 1.5 times the thickness of the tool holder. Excessive extension will reduce the rigidity of the tool holder and cause vibration during cutting.
The pads should be flat and streamlined: CNC lathe tool pads should be flat, the fewer the better, and aligned with the tool holder to reduce vibration and improve cutting stability.
Proper screw tightening: Use at least two screws to tighten the turning tool on the tool holder, and tighten them one by one in turn. The tightening force should be moderate to ensure that the tool is stable and does not deform.
The center line of the tool holder is vertical: The center line of the CNC lathe tool holder must be perpendicular to the feed direction to maintain the accurate values of the main and secondary declination angles and ensure the cutting effect.
4.Turning tool material classification:
4.1 Basic properties of tool materials
Tool material selection is critical to tool life, machining efficiency, quality and cost. When cutting, tools need to withstand high pressure, high temperature, friction, impact and vibration. Therefore, tool materials should have the following basic properties:
(1) High hardness and wear resistance ensure cutting results.
(2) Good strength and toughness to prevent breakage and chipping.
(3) Excellent heat resistance and antioxidant capacity.
(4) Good process performance and economy, pursuing high cost performance.
4.2 Types, properties, characteristics, and applications of tool materials
4.2.1 Diamond tool materials
Diamond cutting tools have high hardness, wear resistance, and thermal conductivity, and are suitable for ultra-precision processing of non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials.
⑴ Type
① Natural diamond tool: sharp edge, high processing accuracy, used for ultra-precision processing.
② PCD diamond cutting tools: The price is lower than natural diamond, and it is used for precise cutting of non-ferrous metals and non-metals.
③ CVD diamond tool: Its performance is close to that of natural diamond, it has the advantages of PCD and is used for ultra-precision machining.
⑵ Performance characteristics
① High hardness and wear resistance, long life.
② Low friction coefficient and small cutting force.
③ The cutting edge is sharp and can be used for ultra-thin cutting.
④ Good thermal conductivity and low cutting temperature.
⑤ Low thermal expansion coefficient and dimensional stability.
Diamond tools are mostly used for high-speed fine cutting and boring of non-ferrous metals and non-metals. They are also suitable for finishing processing of non-ferrous and non-ferrous metals. However, it is not suitable for cutting ferrous metals because it easily reacts with iron at high temperatures and is damaged.
4.2.2 Cubic boron nitride tool materials
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is a super-hard material, second only to diamond, with extremely high thermal stability and is suitable for processing steel products.
⑴ Type
Cubic boron nitride is divided into single crystal and polycrystalline. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) is the main tool material, which is divided into solid PCBN blades and PCBN composite blades compounded with carbide.
⑵ Performance characteristics
① High hardness and wear resistance, suitable for processing high hardness materials.
② High thermal stability, capable of high-speed cutting of high-temperature alloys and hardened steel.
③ Excellent chemical stability, does not react with iron-based materials, suitable for cutting quenched steel and chilled cast iron.
④ Good thermal conductivity and low friction coefficient improve processing quality and efficiency.
⑶ Application
Cubic boron nitride cutting tools are mainly used for finishing hard-cut materials such as quenched steel and hard cast iron, with high processing accuracy and good surface quality. However, it is not suitable for low-speed rough machining and materials with high plasticity because of its poor toughness and bending strength.
4.2.3. ceramic tool materials
Ceramic cutting tools have the characteristics of high hardness, wear resistance, high temperature resistance and good chemical stability, and are widely used in high-speed, dry and hard cutting processes.
⑴ Type
It mainly includes alumina-based, silicon nitride-based and composite ceramic tool materials, among which silicon nitride-based has superior performance.
⑵ Performance characteristics
① High hardness and wear resistance, suitable for processing high-hard materials.
② High temperature resistance, can be continuously cut at high temperatures, suitable for dry cutting.
③ It has good chemical stability and is not easy to bond with metal, reducing wear and tear.
④ Low friction coefficient, reducing cutting force and temperature.
⑶ Application
Ceramic cutting tools are mainly used for high-speed finishing of cast iron, steel, etc., and are also suitable for non-metallic materials such as copper alloys and graphite. However, its bending strength and impact toughness are poor, and it is not suitable for cutting at low speed and impact load.
4.2.4 Coated tool materials
Coated tools significantly improve cutting performance by applying a wear-resistant hard coating to the tool body.
⑴ Type
Coated tools include CVD and PVD coated tools, and the substrate can be carbide, high-speed steel, etc. Coating materials include “hard” coatings that pursue high hardness and wear resistance, such as TiC and TiN; “soft” coatings that pursue low friction coefficients and are used for self-lubrication. Nano-coated tools offer excellent performance and are suitable for high-speed dry cutting.
⑵ Features
Coated tools combine the advantages of substrate and coating, with superior cutting performance and strong versatility. Coating thickness affects tool life, moderate is best. Coated tools have poor regrindability and the coating process is complex. Different coating materials are suitable for different cutting conditions.
⑶ Application
Coated tools have great potential in the field of CNC machining and are widely used in various cutting tools to meet the needs of high-speed cutting of various materials.
4.2.5 Carbide tool materials
Carbide cutting tools, especially indexable types, have become the leader in the field of CNC machining tools. Since the 1980s, its varieties have expanded to various cutting tool fields, from the initial turning tools and face milling cutters to precision, complex, and forming tools, fully demonstrating its wide applicability.
⑴ There are many types of cemented carbide cutting tools, which are mainly divided into two categories according to their chemical composition: tungsten carbide-based and titanium carbon (nitride)-based. Tungsten carbide-based cemented carbide includes three types: YG, YT and YW, each with its own characteristics. The main components include tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, etc., and are produced by powder metallurgy methods. Titanium carbon (nitride)-based cemented carbide is mainly TiC, and other carbides or nitrides may be added. The ISO standard divides cutting carbide into three categories: K, P, and M. Each category has multiple grades to meet different processing needs.
⑵ Carbide cutting tools have excellent performance, especially their high hardness. The hardness can reach 89~93HRA, which is much higher than high-speed steel, and it can maintain excellent performance even at high temperatures. In addition, its flexural strength ranges from 900 to 1500MPa, but its toughness is relatively low. Different types of cemented carbide have different performance characteristics. The YG type is suitable for processing cast iron and non-metallic materials, while the YT type is more suitable for steel processing.
⑶ In practical applications, YG alloys are often used to process cast iron, non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials, and are especially suitable for processing special hard materials. YT alloys perform well in steel processing because of their high hardness and heat resistance. YW alloy has the advantages of the first two and is suitable for processing a variety of materials. With technological advancement, carbide cutting tools will continue to play an important role in the field of CNC machining, promoting the efficient and high-precision development of the manufacturing industry.
4.2.6. High speed steel cutting tools
High Speed Steel (HSS) is a high-alloy tool steel containing alloy elements such as W, Mo, Cr, and V. It occupies an important position in the field of tool manufacturing due to its excellent strength, toughness and processability. Especially when manufacturing complex tools, such as hole processing tools, milling cutters, threading tools, etc., high-speed steel cutting tools play an irreplaceable role.
High-speed steel cutting tools are easy to sharpen sharp cutting edges. They can be divided into general-purpose high-speed steel cutting tools and high-performance high-speed steel cutting tools according to their uses.
General-purpose high-speed steel cutting tools are mainly divided into two categories: tungsten steel and tungsten-molybdenum steel. Tungsten steel such as W18Cr4V has good comprehensive properties and is widely used in the manufacture of various complex cutting tools. Tungsten-molybdenum steel such as W6Mo5Cr4V2 has fine and uniform carbide particles, and its strength and toughness are better than tungsten steel. It is suitable for manufacturing tools that can withstand large impacts.
High-performance high-speed steel cutting tools are based on general-purpose high-speed steel, and their heat resistance and wear resistance are improved by increasing the content of alloy elements or adding new elements. For example, high-carbon high-speed steel is suitable for processing ordinary steel and cast iron, while high-vanadium high-speed steel is suitable for cutting materials that cause great tool wear. In addition, cobalt high-speed steel, aluminum high-speed steel and nitrogen super-hard high-speed steel also have their own characteristics, and are respectively suitable for processing difficult-to-machine materials such as high-strength heat-resistant steel, stainless steel, and titanium alloys.
In terms of manufacturing technology, high-speed steel can be divided into smelting high-speed steel and powder metallurgy high-speed steel. Although smelting high-speed steel is widely used, there are problems such as carbide segregation. Powder metallurgy high-speed steel uses a special manufacturing process to make the carbide grains fine and uniform, thereby improving the strength, toughness and wear resistance of the tool. Therefore, in the field of complex CNC cutting tools, powder metallurgy high-speed steel cutting tools have broad development prospects.
To sum up, high-speed steel cutting tools play an indispensable role in CNC machining due to their excellent performance and wide range of application fields. With the continuous advancement of manufacturing technology and changes in market demand, the types and performance of high-speed steel cutting tools will continue to develop and improve.
Reasonable selection of CNC tool materials
In CNC machining, the selection of tool materials is crucial, as it directly affects processing efficiency, processing quality and tool service life. Currently, CNC tool materials widely used on the market mainly include diamond tools, cubic boron nitride tools, ceramic tools, coated tools, carbide tools, high-speed steel tools, etc. Each tool material has its own unique performance characteristics and is suitable for different machining scenarios and workpiece materials.
1. Matching of mechanical properties between tool material and workpiece material
Mechanical property parameters such as hardness, bending strength and toughness of tool materials are important factors to consider when selecting tool materials.
The hardness of the tool material must be higher than the hardness of the workpiece material to ensure that the tool is not easily worn during the cutting process. Diamond tools and cubic boron nitride tools have the highest hardness and are suitable for processing high-hardness workpiece materials.
Bending strength determines the stability of the tool when subjected to cutting forces. High-speed steel has high bending strength and is suitable for rough machining and situations where it can withstand large impacts.
Toughness is the ability of a tool material to resist breaking when impacted. For machining processes that need to withstand shock and vibration, tool materials with better toughness should be selected.
2. Matching of physical properties of tool material and workpiece material
Physical properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal shock resistance are also factors that need to be considered when selecting tool materials.
Tool materials with high thermal conductivity can better dissipate heat, reduce cutting temperatures, and increase tool life. Diamond tools have a high thermal conductivity and are suitable for high-speed cutting and precision machining.
Tool materials with small thermal expansion coefficients have good dimensional stability during processing, which is beneficial to ensuring processing accuracy. Ceramic cutting tools and cubic boron nitride cutting tools have small thermal expansion coefficients and are suitable for high-precision machining.
Tool materials with good thermal shock resistance can resist thermal stress caused by temperature changes and reduce the risk of tool damage.
3. Matching of chemical properties between tool material and workpiece material
Chemical properties such as chemical affinity, chemical reaction, etc. are also important factors to consider when selecting tool materials.
The chemical affinity between the tool material and the workpiece material should be as low as possible to avoid chemical reactions during machining that could lead to tool damage. For example, diamond tools are not suitable for processing workpiece materials with high iron content because the carbon and iron in diamond are prone to chemical reactions.
Tool materials with good oxidation resistance can maintain stable performance at high temperatures and extend the service life of the tool. Ceramic cutting tools and cubic boron nitride cutting tools have good oxidation resistance and are suitable for processing in high temperature environments.
4. Reasonable selection of CNC tool materials
According to the type of workpiece material and processing requirements, it is crucial to reasonably select CNC tool materials.
For the processing of ferrous metals such as steel, cubic boron nitride tools, ceramic tools, coated carbide and TiCN-based carbide tools are better choices. These tool materials have high hardness and wear resistance and can meet the needs of ferrous metal processing.
For the processing of non-ferrous materials, their alloys and non-metallic materials, diamond tools are ideal. Diamond tools have extremely high hardness and good thermal conductivity, making them suitable for processing these materials.
To sum up, when selecting CNC tool materials, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the mechanical properties, physical properties and chemical properties of the workpiece material, as well as processing requirements and other factors. Only by rationally selecting tool materials can we ensure the smooth progress of CNC machining and improve processing efficiency and quality.
CNC lathe tool shape and usage
1. The types of turning tool tips generally used are as follows:
(1) Rough turning tools:When it comes to rough turning tools, their primary function is indeed to remove a significant volume of excess material in order to bring the diameter of the workpiece closer to the desired dimensions. The focus during rough turning is primarily on the removal rate rather than the final surface finish, which allows the tool tip to be ground to a finer point to facilitate efficient cutting, although a small degree of roundness is often applied to the tip to enhance durability and prevent breakage.
(2) Fine turning tools: Fine turning tools are engineered to produce a high-quality surface finish on the workpiece. Unlike rough turning, where the primary goal is to remove material rapidly, fine turning focuses on achieving a fine, smooth surface. To this end, the cutting inserts of fine turning tools can be delicately honed with an oilstone to ensure a precisely sharp edge that is capable of delivering an exceptionally smooth finish.
Typically, the nose radius of a fine turning tool is larger compared to that of a rough turning tool. This larger radius helps in distributing the cutting forces over a wider area, which reduces the chances of tool deflection and contributes to a smoother surface. It also plays a role in the longevity of the tool, as a larger radius can handle the stresses of turning more effectively, leading to slower wear rates.
(3) Round nose turning tools: Round nose turning tools stand as versatile additions to the toolbox due to their suitability for a diverse range of tasks. Known for their ubiquitous presence in turning operations, these tools inherently bear a symmetrical design, which permits left and right turning after a simple top surface grinding.
Not limited to conventional ferrous and non-ferrous materials, round nose turning tools are also adept at working with softer metals like brass. They are particularly skillful at rendering an arcuate contour on the workpiece’s shoulder angle, an application that frequently calls upon their so-called “form turning” capability.
Interestingly, round nose turning tools are not just restricted to rough cutting. When required, these tools can easily transition into the role of a fine finishing tool to deliver a superior surface finish, further attesting to their flexibility and versatility.
(4)Threading tools: Threading tools are specialized for fabricating precise threads on screws and nuts, available as 60-degree and 55-degree V-shaped cutters for standard and Whitworth threads, 29-degree trapezoidal cutters for transmission screws, and square cutters for heavy-load threads in linear motion systems.
(5) Boring turning tools: Boring turning tools are principally employed to machine pre-drilled or cast holes, aiming for precise size conformity or to guarantee a truly smooth and straight inner surface.
(6) End face turning tools: End face turning tools are designed for the machining of the workpiece’s end faces. Typically, a right turning tool is utilized at the end of the finishing axle for precise work on the right side, while a left turning tool is applied to finish the left side of the shoulder, ensuring well-defined, smooth surfaces.
(7) Parting off tools: Parting off tools are utilized solely with their tips to sever a workpiece or to create grooves. This type of turning tool specializes in cutting through material, effectively separating parts and forming grooves with precision.
2. Owing to the varied machining methods required for different workpieces, a selection of blade shapes is adopted, which can be broadly categorized into:
(1) The right-hand turning tool is employed in a right to left direction for shaping the outer diameter of the workpiece.
(2) The left-hand turning tool is utilized in a left to right movement for machining the outer diameter of the workpiece.
(3) Round Nose Turning Tool: The blade is arc-shaped and can rotate left and right, ideal for turning rounded corners or curved surfaces.
(4) Right-Side Turning Tool: Used to turn the end face on the right side of the workpiece.
(5) Left Turning Tool: Used to turn the end face on the left side of the workpiece.
(6) Cutting Knife: Utilized for cutting or grooving.
(7) Inner Hole Turning Tool: Designed to turn inner holes.
(8) External Thread Turning Tool: Employed for producing external threads.
(9) Internal Thread Turning Tool: Used to generate internal threads.
Purpose: Specially used for turning internal threads of workpieces.
According to the material, shape, size and processing requirements of the workpiece, the appropriate shape and type of turning tool can be selected to ensure processing efficiency and processing quality.